ISLAMABAD: The Centre for Aerospace and Security Studies (CASS) organised a ceremony to mark one year of Marka-e-Haq, bringing together retired military officials, researchers and policy experts to discuss Pakistan’s response to the 2025 conflict and evolving regional security dynamics.

The event, held on May 7, focused on the Pakistan Air Force’s role during the military confrontation with India in May 2025 and highlighted issues related to defence preparedness, strategic stability and modern warfare.

Senior Research Associate Muhammad Faizan Fakhar addressed participants and discussed regional tensions, including developments linked to Article 370, Line of Control violations and diplomatic relations between Pakistan and India.

He said Pakistan had demonstrated its capability to respond to external aggression while continuing to advocate for regional peace and stability.

Director CASS Air Marshal Hamid Rashid Randhawa (Retd) reviewed the development of the Pakistan Air Force since independence and reflected on its operational history during previous conflicts, including the 1965 and 1971 wars, Operation Swift Retort and the 2025 confrontation with the Indian Air Force.

He said the PAF had evolved from a limited post-partition force into a technologically advanced institution with modern operational capabilities.

Speaking at the ceremony, President CASS Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed (Retd) paid tribute to military personnel who lost their lives during the four-day conflict and highlighted the importance of indigenous defence capabilities in modern warfare.

He also discussed the growing role of air power and strategic research institutions in addressing emerging regional and global security challenges.

The event concluded with discussions on future security trends, regional stability and the increasing importance of air-centric warfare in contemporary conflicts.

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