People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may face an overall risk of premature death that is about 71% higher than among people without the condition, according to a new review of observational studies.
The research, published in JAMA Network Open, analysed data from 19 observational studies involving around 16 million people. The researchers examined deaths linked to ADHD across several causes, including suicide, accidents and other injuries, as well as natural causes such as heart disease and diabetes.
Suicide and Injury Risks Higher Among People With ADHD
The review found that people with ADHD had an approximately 89% higher risk of death by suicide compared with those without the condition.
The risk of death from intentional or unintentional injuries, including road traffic accidents, was about 55% higher among people with ADHD.
Deaths from natural causes were also 27% more common among people with ADHD. Researchers said some of the increased risk may be linked to longer-term health factors, including smoking and substance use.
Difficulties with organisation and decision-making may also affect health outcomes, including managing chronic conditions, attending medical appointments on time and consistently following prescribed treatment.
What Is ADHD?
ADHD is a condition characterised by persistent symptoms that can significantly affect education, employment, home life, relationships and everyday activities.
Common symptoms include difficulty concentrating on tasks, forgetfulness, restlessness, excessive talking, problems with planning and difficulty controlling emotions such as anger.
ADHD Medication May Be Linked to Lower Mortality Risk
The study also found that people with ADHD who were taking recommended medication had a 25% lower risk of death from any cause compared with people with ADHD who were not taking medication.
Researchers said the finding may indicate that effective treatment could help reduce some behaviours and health risks associated with ADHD.
However, the researchers cautioned that the association between ADHD medication and lower mortality should not be considered proof that medication directly reduces the risk of death. The studies were observational and therefore cannot establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
The medication analysis was also based on only three of the 19 studies included in the review, meaning the finding should be considered preliminary.
Lucy Corrigan, a researcher at the University of Liverpool, said early evidence suggests medication may play an important role in protecting the health of people with ADHD, but further research is needed to better understand the relationship.