Pakistan and China’s preparation to extend the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) to Afghanistan along with efforts to revive the Pakistan–China–Afghanistan trilateral framework marks a significant development in the evolving geopolitical and economic landscape of the region. Recent briefings to Pakistan’s Senate standing committee have made it clear that this move is not merely an economic initiative; rather, it reflects a broader strategic vision whose implications could reshape South and Central Asia for decades to come.

Since its launch, CPEC has stood as a flagship symbol of Pakistan–China relations. The corridor has delivered major investments in energy, infrastructure, transport, and industrial cooperation, many of which are already operational while others are nearing completion. The proposed expansion of CPEC into Afghanistan signals a new phase one that aims to transform the corridor from a bilateral project into a truly regional connectivity framework.

Afghanistan’s inclusion is particularly significant given the country’s long history of conflict instability and economic isolation. For over four decades, war and political uncertainty have deprived Afghanistan of sustainable development and regional integration. By linking Afghanistan with CPEC, Pakistan and China are offering Kabul an opportunity to reconnect with regional supply chains access global markets and rebuild its shattered economy through infrastructure development and trade.

Geographically, Afghanistan occupies a pivotal position. It serves as a natural bridge between South Asia and Central Asia connecting Pakistan to the resource-rich Central Asian republics. If CPEC is extended through Afghanistan to Central Asia it could provide China with shorter and more secure trade routes while enabling Pakistan to emerge as a key regional transit hub. Such a development would generate substantial economic dividends for Pakistan in the form of transit fees, expanded trade logistics services and foreign investment.

For Pakistan’s underdeveloped regions particularly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan, this expansion could be transformative. Improved road and rail connectivity, border trade facilities and industrial zones could generate employment, stimulate local economies, and help reduce long-standing regional disparities. At a time when Pakistan is seeking sustainable growth and export-led development regional connectivity offers a viable path forward.

From China’s perspective the move aligns closely with its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Extending CPEC into Afghanistan strengthens China’s westward connectivity while contributing to stability along its western borders especially in Xinjiang. Beijing views economic development as a key tool for addressing security challenges and a more stable and economically integrated Afghanistan would serve China’s long-term strategic and security interests.

For Afghanistan, participation in CPEC could be nothing short of historic. Amid international sanctions financial constraints and diplomatic isolation, the corridor offers a rare opportunity to attract investment develop infrastructure and create jobs. Road’s energy projects and trade corridors could help Afghanistan transition from an aid-dependent economy to a transit-based and trade-oriented one. However, realizing these benefits will require Afghan authorities to demonstrate seriousness in ensuring security improving governance and building confidence with regional and international stakeholders.

Unsurprisingly this development has drawn the attention of global and regional powers. The United States India Russia and Iran are all closely monitoring the situation. India in particular views CPEC’s expansion with concern fearing an increase in Chinese and Pakistani influence in the region. Russia and Central Asian states on the other hand may see opportunities in enhanced regional trade and connectivity provided the security situation remains manageable.

In this complex environment Pakistan will need to pursue careful and balanced diplomacy. The success of CPEC’s expansion depends not only on economic planning but also on managing regional sensitivities and avoiding the perception that the project is aimed at excluding or undermining other actors. Transparency, inclusivity and dialogue will be essential to ensure that the initiative contributes to cooperation rather than competition.

Despite its promise the road ahead is fraught with challenges. Afghanistan’s fragile security situation remains the most serious concern. The presence of militant groups cross-border threats and political uncertainty could deter investors and delay project implementation. International sanctions and banking restrictions further complicate financing and execution. Additionally, Pakistan’s own political and economic instability could undermine policy continuity which is crucial for long-term regional projects.

Past experience suggests that mega-regional initiatives succeed only when there is sustained political commitment internal stability and mutual trust among participating states. Without these elements even the most ambitious projects risk stagnation.

In conclusion extending CPEC to Afghanistan represents both a major opportunity and a significant test for Pakistan. If pursued with strategic foresight robust security arrangements and proactive diplomacy the initiative could foster regional economic integration enhance stability and elevate Pakistan’s standing as a responsible and central regional player. In a rapidly changing world such connectivity-driven cooperation may well be the path toward a more secure prosperous and interconnected future for the entire region.