Dr. Mohammad Nafees
Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Peshawar
Solid waste is one of the biggest environmental problems in Pakistan. It not only harms the general public but also exacerbates air, water and sanitation pollution. Although there are proper laws and institutions in place to manage solid waste, and no shortage of experts, the issue continues to grow. Garbage collected from major cities in Pakistan is often burned in the open air, increasing air pollution and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide and methane. Additionally, solid waste is dumped into canals and rivers in many areas, endangering aquatic life. This article explores potential solutions to this pressing issue.
According to a 2022 report by the Asian Development Bank, Pakistan produces 30 million tons of solid waste annually. A report by the Pakistan International Trade Administration states that 49.6 million tons of solid waste were produced in 2024, with an average annual increase of 2.4 percent. On average, an individual generates between 280 to 600 grams of solid waste daily, amounting 100 to 220 kg annually. Statistics indicate that only 50 to 60 percent of solid waste is collected, with urban areas collecting up to 80 percent. In rural areas, the collection rate is significantly lower, with hardly 20 percent of solid waste being collected.
The second issue is treatment. Currently, solid waste in Pakistan is typically dumped in open areas, posing risks to groundwater and contributing to the spread of diseases. One of the main reasons for the problems related to solid waste is the lack of profitable uses for it. In this regard, a detailed study was conducted by the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Peshawar in 2024. The study found that 50 to 70 percent of solid waste can be reused, generating enough revenue to properly dispose of the remaining 30 to 50 percent. Solid waste generally consists of two types of components: organic and inorganic. Researchers often recommend generating electricity from organic components, though this approach has failed in many places. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid repeating such experiments.
According to the Department of Environment at the University of Peshawar, organic components can be divided into two major categories: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Biodegradable is further divided into combustible and non combustible materials. A simple solution is to compost the biodegradable portion to produce natural fertilizer and use the non-biodegradable portion as fuel, which is approximately 40 to 50 percent of solid. while 10 to 20 percent is combustible organic material and can be covered into fuel. The fuel produced from the combustible part is called Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF). RDF is not suitable for general use but can be utilized in industries, as it requires high combustion temperature to prevent the release of harmful gases. By converting solid waste into these two products, 50 to 70 percent of it can become part of the circular economy.
The question arises as to why this is not being done. The primary reason is that neither compost nor RDF has a market in Pakistan, and no efforts have been made to create one. The market for RDF can only be established with the help of industrialists, who need to be convinced of the benefits of reusing solid waste. This would not only benefit them but also protect the environment. Initially, economic incentives, such as tax breaks, may be necessary to encourage their participation. Implementing this solution requires the cooperation of relevant institutions, including the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), the Industrial Department, the Environment Department, and factory owners. Their collaboration and support are essential to promote the use of RDF. Once a market for RDF is established, solid waste could become a significant source of income and livelihood.
Similarly, the market for compost must also be developed. The Department of Agriculture, the Department of Environment, and the farming community are the key stakeholders in the production and use of compost. The Environment Department would oversee compost production, while the Agriculture Department would promote its use and monitor its quality and quantity. Farmers would use the compost and provide feedback to the Agriculture Department. Although establishing a compost market is challenging in the presence of a strong artificial fertilizer industry, it is not impossible. Efforts must begin as soon as possible to achieve sustainable outcome.
Currently, six countries are leading the way in large-scale compost promotion: the United States, China, India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan. In these countries, compost usage is increasing by three percent annually, with a target of reaching seven percent by 2030. According to 2023 figures, the compost industry generated $8.6 billion in revenue, and it is estimated to reach $23 billion by 2030.
Pakistan is an agricultural country, and with concerted efforts, the compost business could thrive. Under the Companies Act, waste management companies operate in almost every city in Pakistan, often referred to as Waste and Sanitation Services. For example, Waste and Sanitation Services Peshawar (WSSP) operates in Peshawar, while WSSM operates in Mardan. Private companies also provide services in various cities. However, the solid waste problem persists and must be addressed to break the cycle of inefficiency. Below are some suggestions to tackle this issue sustainably:
- A massive awareness campaign should be launched among farmers and industrialists.
- Government organizations must collaborate to institutionalize solid waste management.
- New technologies should be introduced to produce high-quality RDF and compost.
- Adequate economic incentives should be provided to promote RDF and compost, ensuring a stable market for these products.
- Small farmers and investors should be encouraged to invest in these initiatives.
